ISSN: 1859 - 2872
Impact of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on the risk of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review
Main Article Content
Keywords
Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus.
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to summarize the association between hypertension and diabetes mellitus with the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Analysis of cohort studies revealed that CKD is closely associated with the diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, as well as correlated with blood pressure values and laboratory results such as HbA1c and blood glucose levels. Based on these findings, an effective strategy for hypertension and diabetes control should be proposed to minimize the risk of CKD progression in these high-risk populations.
Article Details
References
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3. Qin K, Qing J, Wang Q, Li Y (2024) Epidemiological shifts in chronic kidney disease: A 30-year global and regional assessment. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):3519. doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21065-9
4. Xie K, Cao H, Ling S et al (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2021: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 16: 1526482. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1526482
5. Jadoul M, Aoun M, Masimango Imani M (2024) The major global burden of chronic kidney disease. The Lancet Global Health 12(3): 342-343. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00050-0
6. Liu Y, He Q, Li Q et al (2024) Correction: Global incidence and death estimates of chronic kidney disease due to hypertension from 1990 to 2019, an ecological analysis of the global burden of diseases 2019 study. BMC Nephrol 25(1): 11. doi:10.1186/s12882-023-03452-3
7. Liu W, Zhang D, Wang R et al (2024) Global trends in the burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to type 2 diabetes: An age‐period‐cohort analysis. Diabetes Obesity Metabolism 26(2): 602-610. doi:10.1111/dom.15349
8. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. Published online 2021: 71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
9. Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D et al (2014) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Published online 2014. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
10. Bae EH, Lim SY, Jung J et al (2021) Chronic Kidney Disease risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in Young Adults: A nationwide sample based‐cohort study. JAHA 10(7): 019764. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019764
11. Chang TI, Lim H, Park CH et al (2020) Associations of systolic blood pressure with incident CKD G3-G5: A cohort study of south korean adults. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 76(2): 224-232. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.01.013
12. De Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A et al (2016) Predictors of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study from the AMD Annals initiative. Medicine (Baltimore) 95(27): 4007. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004007
13. Derakhshan A, Bagherzadeh‐Khiabani F, Arshi B, Ramezankhani A, Azizi F, Hadaegh F (2016) Different combinations of glucose tolerance and blood pressure status and incident diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. JAHA 5(8): 003917. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003917
14. Honigberg MC, Zekavat SM, Pirruccello JP, Natarajan P, Vaduganathan M (2021) Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes across the glycemic spectrum: insights from the uK Biobank. J Am Coll Cardiol 78(5): 453-464. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.004
15. Jonsson AJ, Lund SH, Eriksen BO, Palsson R, Indridason OS (2022) Incidence of and risk factors of chronic kidney disease: results of a nationwide study in Iceland. Clinical Kidney Journal 15(7): 1290-1299. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac051
16. Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, De Burgos-Lunar C et al (2015) Five-Year Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (Stage 3-5) and associated risk factors in a spanish cohort: The MADIABETES Study. Mischak H, ed. PLoS ONE 10(4): 0122030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122030
17. Yen FS, Wei JCC, Shih YH, Hsu CC, Hwu CM (2021) The Risk of Nephropathy, Retinopathy, and Leg Amputation in Patients With Diabetes and Hypertension: A nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol 12: 756189. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.756189
18. Low S, Zhang X, Wang J et al (2019) Impact of haemoglobin A1c trajectories on chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes. Nephrology (Carlton) 24(10): 1026-1032. doi:10.1111/nep.13533
19. Yasuno T, Maeda T, Tada K et al (2020) Effects of HbA1c on the development and progression of chronic kidney disease in elderly and middle-aged japanese: iki epidemiological study of atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease (ISSA-CKD). Intern Med 59(2): 175-180. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.3242-19
20. Maeda T, Yoshimura C, Takahashi K et al (2019) Usefulness of the blood pressure classification in the new 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines for the prediction of new-onset chronic kidney disease. J Hum Hypertens 33(12): 873-878. doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0198-7
21. Satoh M, Hirose T, Nakayama S et al (2020) Blood pressure and chronic kidney disease stratified by gender and the use of antihypertensive drugs. JAHA 9(16): 015592. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.015592
22. Yang X, Zhou B, Zhou L et al (2022) Development and Validation of Prediction Models for Hypertensive Nephropathy, the PANDORA Study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 9: 794768. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.794768
23. Kanno A, Kikuya M, Asayama K et al (2013) Night-time blood pressure is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in a general population: the Ohasama Study. Journal of Hypertension 31(12): 2410-2417. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328364dd0f
24. Tao P, Chien CW, Liu C et al (2024) Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease: A nationwide cohort study. Heliyon 10(7): 28780. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28780
25. Koh H, Hayashi T, Sato KK et al (2011) Blood pressure components and risk for chronic kidney disease in middle-aged Japanese men: The Kansai Healthcare Study. Hypertens Res 34(4): 536-541. doi:10.1038/hr.2011.2
26. Yamagata K, Ishida K, Sairenchi T et al (2007) Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in a community-based population: A 10-year follow-up study. Kidney Int 71(2): 159-166. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002017
27. Erfanpoor S, Etemad K, Kazempour S et al (2021) Diabetes, Hypertension, and Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There any Multiplicative or Additive Interaction? Int J Endocrinol Metab 19(1): 101061. doi:10.5812/ijem.101061
28. Ku E, Lee BJ, Wei J, Weir MR (2019) Hypertension in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 74(1): 120-131. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.12.044
29. Habas E, Habas E, Khan FY et al (2022) Blood Pressure and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: An Updated Review. Cureus 14(4):24244. doi:10.7759/cureus.24244
30. Speeckaert MM, Rossing P (2025) Trends in nephrology: from “diabetic kidney disease” to “CKD with risk factor diabetes". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. Published online July 15, 2025:gfaf134. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaf134
31. Cao Y, Chen H, Liu H, Wu H, Gao W (2025) Global, Regional, and National Temporal Trends in Incidence for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Related Chronic Kidney Disease from 1992 to 2021. Diabetes Metab J 49(4): 848-861. doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0593
32. Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E et al (2019) Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11(11): 2611. doi:10.3390/nu11112611
33. Yau K, Dharia A, Alrowiyti I, Cherney DZI. Prescribing SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With CKD: Expanding Indications and Practical Considerations. Kidney Int Rep 7(7): 1463-1476. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2022.04.094
34. Vo NH, Pham BV, Nguyen NN, Nguyen BT A Predictive Nomogram for Selective Screening of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Study. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 12:20543581241309979. doi:10.1177/20543581241309979
35. Nguyễn Văn Hiếu (2023) Tần suất và các yếu tố liên quan bệnh thận mạn ở người đi khám sức khỏe tổng quát. Luận văn Tốt nghiệp Bác sĩ nội trú. Đại học Y Dược Tp. Hồ Chí Minh.
36. Nguyễn NN, Phạm VB, Võ HN, Nguyễn TB, Mai HNT, Ngô ĐD (2024) Tình hình bệnh thận mạn và kết quả bước đầu điều trị ở bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp tại thành phố Cần Thơ: Nghiên cứu thực hiện trong cộng đồng. VMJ 542(2). doi:10.51298/vmj.v542i2.11123
37. Đặng Ngọc Tài. Nghiên cứu tỷ lệ mắc bệnh thận mạn của bệnh nhân điều trị nội trú tại Bệnh viện Lão khoa TW. Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Bác sĩ, Đại học Y Hà Nội.
2. Bello AK, Okpechi IG, Levin A et al (2024) An update on the global disparities in kidney disease burden and care across world countries and regions. The Lancet Global Health 12(3): 382-395. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00570-3
3. Qin K, Qing J, Wang Q, Li Y (2024) Epidemiological shifts in chronic kidney disease: A 30-year global and regional assessment. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):3519. doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21065-9
4. Xie K, Cao H, Ling S et al (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2021: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 16: 1526482. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1526482
5. Jadoul M, Aoun M, Masimango Imani M (2024) The major global burden of chronic kidney disease. The Lancet Global Health 12(3): 342-343. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00050-0
6. Liu Y, He Q, Li Q et al (2024) Correction: Global incidence and death estimates of chronic kidney disease due to hypertension from 1990 to 2019, an ecological analysis of the global burden of diseases 2019 study. BMC Nephrol 25(1): 11. doi:10.1186/s12882-023-03452-3
7. Liu W, Zhang D, Wang R et al (2024) Global trends in the burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to type 2 diabetes: An age‐period‐cohort analysis. Diabetes Obesity Metabolism 26(2): 602-610. doi:10.1111/dom.15349
8. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. Published online 2021: 71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71
9. Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D et al (2014) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Published online 2014. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
10. Bae EH, Lim SY, Jung J et al (2021) Chronic Kidney Disease risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in Young Adults: A nationwide sample based‐cohort study. JAHA 10(7): 019764. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019764
11. Chang TI, Lim H, Park CH et al (2020) Associations of systolic blood pressure with incident CKD G3-G5: A cohort study of south korean adults. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 76(2): 224-232. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.01.013
12. De Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A et al (2016) Predictors of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: A longitudinal study from the AMD Annals initiative. Medicine (Baltimore) 95(27): 4007. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004007
13. Derakhshan A, Bagherzadeh‐Khiabani F, Arshi B, Ramezankhani A, Azizi F, Hadaegh F (2016) Different combinations of glucose tolerance and blood pressure status and incident diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. JAHA 5(8): 003917. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003917
14. Honigberg MC, Zekavat SM, Pirruccello JP, Natarajan P, Vaduganathan M (2021) Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes across the glycemic spectrum: insights from the uK Biobank. J Am Coll Cardiol 78(5): 453-464. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.004
15. Jonsson AJ, Lund SH, Eriksen BO, Palsson R, Indridason OS (2022) Incidence of and risk factors of chronic kidney disease: results of a nationwide study in Iceland. Clinical Kidney Journal 15(7): 1290-1299. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac051
16. Salinero-Fort MA, San Andrés-Rebollo FJ, De Burgos-Lunar C et al (2015) Five-Year Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease (Stage 3-5) and associated risk factors in a spanish cohort: The MADIABETES Study. Mischak H, ed. PLoS ONE 10(4): 0122030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122030
17. Yen FS, Wei JCC, Shih YH, Hsu CC, Hwu CM (2021) The Risk of Nephropathy, Retinopathy, and Leg Amputation in Patients With Diabetes and Hypertension: A nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study. Front Endocrinol 12: 756189. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.756189
18. Low S, Zhang X, Wang J et al (2019) Impact of haemoglobin A1c trajectories on chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes. Nephrology (Carlton) 24(10): 1026-1032. doi:10.1111/nep.13533
19. Yasuno T, Maeda T, Tada K et al (2020) Effects of HbA1c on the development and progression of chronic kidney disease in elderly and middle-aged japanese: iki epidemiological study of atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease (ISSA-CKD). Intern Med 59(2): 175-180. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.3242-19
20. Maeda T, Yoshimura C, Takahashi K et al (2019) Usefulness of the blood pressure classification in the new 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines for the prediction of new-onset chronic kidney disease. J Hum Hypertens 33(12): 873-878. doi:10.1038/s41371-019-0198-7
21. Satoh M, Hirose T, Nakayama S et al (2020) Blood pressure and chronic kidney disease stratified by gender and the use of antihypertensive drugs. JAHA 9(16): 015592. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.015592
22. Yang X, Zhou B, Zhou L et al (2022) Development and Validation of Prediction Models for Hypertensive Nephropathy, the PANDORA Study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 9: 794768. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.794768
23. Kanno A, Kikuya M, Asayama K et al (2013) Night-time blood pressure is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in a general population: the Ohasama Study. Journal of Hypertension 31(12): 2410-2417. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328364dd0f
24. Tao P, Chien CW, Liu C et al (2024) Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for incident chronic kidney disease: A nationwide cohort study. Heliyon 10(7): 28780. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28780
25. Koh H, Hayashi T, Sato KK et al (2011) Blood pressure components and risk for chronic kidney disease in middle-aged Japanese men: The Kansai Healthcare Study. Hypertens Res 34(4): 536-541. doi:10.1038/hr.2011.2
26. Yamagata K, Ishida K, Sairenchi T et al (2007) Risk factors for chronic kidney disease in a community-based population: A 10-year follow-up study. Kidney Int 71(2): 159-166. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002017
27. Erfanpoor S, Etemad K, Kazempour S et al (2021) Diabetes, Hypertension, and Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There any Multiplicative or Additive Interaction? Int J Endocrinol Metab 19(1): 101061. doi:10.5812/ijem.101061
28. Ku E, Lee BJ, Wei J, Weir MR (2019) Hypertension in CKD: Core Curriculum 2019. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 74(1): 120-131. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.12.044
29. Habas E, Habas E, Khan FY et al (2022) Blood Pressure and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: An Updated Review. Cureus 14(4):24244. doi:10.7759/cureus.24244
30. Speeckaert MM, Rossing P (2025) Trends in nephrology: from “diabetic kidney disease” to “CKD with risk factor diabetes". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. Published online July 15, 2025:gfaf134. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaf134
31. Cao Y, Chen H, Liu H, Wu H, Gao W (2025) Global, Regional, and National Temporal Trends in Incidence for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Related Chronic Kidney Disease from 1992 to 2021. Diabetes Metab J 49(4): 848-861. doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0593
32. Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E et al (2019) Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 11(11): 2611. doi:10.3390/nu11112611
33. Yau K, Dharia A, Alrowiyti I, Cherney DZI. Prescribing SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With CKD: Expanding Indications and Practical Considerations. Kidney Int Rep 7(7): 1463-1476. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2022.04.094
34. Vo NH, Pham BV, Nguyen NN, Nguyen BT A Predictive Nomogram for Selective Screening of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Study. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 12:20543581241309979. doi:10.1177/20543581241309979
35. Nguyễn Văn Hiếu (2023) Tần suất và các yếu tố liên quan bệnh thận mạn ở người đi khám sức khỏe tổng quát. Luận văn Tốt nghiệp Bác sĩ nội trú. Đại học Y Dược Tp. Hồ Chí Minh.
36. Nguyễn NN, Phạm VB, Võ HN, Nguyễn TB, Mai HNT, Ngô ĐD (2024) Tình hình bệnh thận mạn và kết quả bước đầu điều trị ở bệnh nhân tăng huyết áp tại thành phố Cần Thơ: Nghiên cứu thực hiện trong cộng đồng. VMJ 542(2). doi:10.51298/vmj.v542i2.11123
37. Đặng Ngọc Tài. Nghiên cứu tỷ lệ mắc bệnh thận mạn của bệnh nhân điều trị nội trú tại Bệnh viện Lão khoa TW. Khóa luận tốt nghiệp Bác sĩ, Đại học Y Hà Nội.